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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 33(2): 166-176, abr. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-784867

ABSTRACT

One of the most important features of the post-antibiotic era in the late 20th century is the resurgence of colistin for the treatment of extensively drug resistant gram-negative bacteria (XDR). Colistin is a narrow spectrum anti-biotic, active against microorganisms with clinical significance such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nowadays its toxicity is lower, partly explained by better pharmaceuticals and management of the critically ill patients. However, there has been much confusion regarding the dosage of the drug, its name and labeling, therefore, experts have recommended using a common language about this polymyxin. The lack of PK/PD studies for colistin is perhaps the main weakness of this area of knowledge, even though the before mentioned approach has contributed with new ways to manage and calculate the dose of this antimicrobial. Indeed, the efficiency of colistin in association with a second agent in reducing mortality has not been demonstrated.


El resurgimiento de colistín para el tratamiento de bacilos gramnegativos extensamente resistentes a antimicrobianos a fines del siglo pasado es una de las características más importantes de la era post-antimicrobiana. Su espectro es reducido y cubre microorganismos con importancia clínica como Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Klebsiella pneumoniae. En contraste a lo que se vio en el pasado, la toxicidad descrita en la actualidad es menor, en parte explicado por las mejores preparaciones farmacéuticas y la optimización del manejo del paciente crítico. Mucha confusión se ha generado respecto a la dosificación del fármaco, debido a la distinta denominación, etiquetado y sugerencias de los laboratorios, a pesar de que el compuesto es el mismo. Por lo anterior, el llamado de los expertos es a utilizar un lenguaje común para referirnos a esta polimixina. Los estudios modernos de PK/PD han contribuido con nuevas formas de administrar y calcular las dosis de este antimicrobiano; no obstante, falta mucho por desarrollar en esta área que se posiciona como su gran debilidad. A pesar que la terapia combinada se sustenta sobre una base teórica lógica, no se ha demostrado que la asociación de colistín con un segundo agente logre disminuir la mortalidad.


Subject(s)
Colistin/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Structure-Activity Relationship , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects
2.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 31(2): 123-130, abr. 2014. mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-708798

ABSTRACT

Bacteria antimicrobial resistance is an uncontrolled public health problem that progressively increases its magnitude and complexity. The Grupo Colaborativo de Resistencia, formed by a join of experts that represent 39 Chilean health institutions has been concerned with bacteria antimicrobial susceptibility in our country since 2008. In this document we present in vitro bacterial susceptibility accumulated during year 2012 belonging to 28 national health institutions that represent about 36% of hospital discharges in Chile. We consider of major importance to report periodically bacteria susceptibility so to keep the medical community updated to achieve target the empirical antimicrobial therapies and the control measures and prevention of the dissemination of multiresistant strains.


La resistencia bacteriana es un problema de salud pública que lejos de estar controlado, aumenta en cantidad y complejidad. El Grupo Colaborativo de Resistencia, es un conjunto de profesionales que representan a 39 establecimientos de salud del país y que se ha ocupado desde 2008 de recolectar información sobre la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de bacterias en Chile. En este documento se presenta la susceptibilidad in vitro acumulada del año 2012, de 28 establecimientos de salud del país que representan, al menos, 36% de los egresos hospitalarios de Chile. Consideramos de la mayor relevancia reportar periódicamente la susceptibilidad bacteriana de modo de mantener a la comunidad médica actualizada para orientar las terapias empíricas y las medidas de control y prevención de la diseminación de cepas multi-resistentes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Chile , Cooperative Behavior , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Population Surveillance , Societies, Medical
3.
Electron. j. biotechnol ; 17(1): 1-1, Jan. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-706515

ABSTRACT

Background The increment of resistant strains to commonly used antibiotics in clinical practices places in evidence the urgent need to search for new compounds with antibacterial activity. The adaptations that Antarctic microorganisms have developed, due to the extreme environment that they inhabit, promote them as a potential new source of active compounds for the control of microorganisms causing infections associated with health care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of the Antarctic bacterium Janthinobacterium sp., strain SMN 33.6, against nosocomial multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Results Inhibitory activity against human Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, with concentrations that varied between 0.5 and 16 µg ml- 1, was demonstrated. Conclusions The ethanolic extract of Janthinobacterium sp. SMN 33.6 possesses antibacterial activity against a chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamase-producing strain of Serratia marcescens, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and also against carbapenemase-producing strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This becomes a potential and interesting biotechnological tool for the control of bacteria with multi-resistance to commonly used antibiotics.


Subject(s)
Oxalobacteraceae/chemistry , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Phylogeny , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzymology , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Genes, rRNA/genetics , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects , Acinetobacter baumannii/enzymology , Oxalobacteraceae/genetics , Ethanol/chemistry , Gram-Negative Bacteria/enzymology
4.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 30(4): 407-416, ago. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-690529

ABSTRACT

Listeria monocytogenesis a facultative intracellular pathogen, ubiquitous and aetiological agent of listeriosis. The main way of acquisition is the consumption of contaminated food and can cause serious medical conditions such as septicemia, meningitis and gastroenteritis, especially in children, immunocompromised individuals and seniors and abortions in pregnant women. An increase in cases of listeriosis worldwide has been reported and it is estimated that its prevalence in developed countries is in the range of 2 to 15 cases per one million population. This microorganism is characterized for the transition from the environment into the eukaryotic cell. Several virulence factors have been involved in the intracellular cycle that are regulated, pimarilly, by the PrfA protein, which in turn is regulated by different mechanisms operating at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Additionally, other regulatory mechanisms have been described as sigma factor, system VirR/S and antisense RNA, but PrfA is the most important control mechanism and is required for the expression of essential virulence factors for the intracellular cycle.


Listeria monocytogeneses un patógeno intracelular facultativo, ubicuo y agente etiológico de listeriosis. La principal vía de adquisición es el consumo de alimentos contaminados, pudiendo ocasionar cuadros clínicos muy graves como septicemia, meningitis y gastroenteritis, especialmente en niños, individuos inmunocomprometidos y de la tercera edad, y aborto en mujeres embarazadas. Se ha informado un aumento en los casos de listeriosis a escala mundial y se estima que su frecuencia en los países desarrollados está en un rango de 2 a 15 casos por millón de habitantes. Este microorganismo se caracteriza por realizar una transición desde el medio ambiente hacia la célula eucariota. Para este proceso se han descrito varios factores de virulencia, los cuales están involucrados en el ciclo intracelular y están regulados, principalmente, por la proteína PrfA, la cual a su vez está regulada por diferentes mecanismos que actúan a nivel transcripcional, traduccional y post-traduccional. Además, se han descrito otros mecanismos regulatorios como: factor Sigma, sistema VirR/S y ARN sin sentido. No obstante, PrfA es el mecanismo de control más importante y el cual es requerido para la expresión de los factores de virulencia esenciales para el ciclo intracelular.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology , Listeria monocytogenes/pathogenicity , Trans-Activators/physiology , Virulence Factors/physiology , Virulence/physiology , Listeria monocytogenes/genetics , Trans-Activators/genetics , Virulence/genetics
5.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 29(6): 622-627, dic. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-665566

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Multiresistant nosocomial pathogens, especially Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), are a serious problem for public health systems worldwide. Due to their antimicrobial properties, copper alloys have been suggested as an alternative for the control of bacterial burden in surfaces in hospital environment. However, antibiotic multiresistance and copper resistance could be associated in GNB, and there is evidence that both kind of resistance genes (antibiotic and copper) can be located on the same genetic structures. For this reason antibiotic-multiresistant strains could survive in the presence of copper, selecting for bacterial phenotypes resistant to both antibacterial agents. Aim: To evaluate antibacterial activity of copper against nosocomial extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) (+) and ESBL (-) GNB, and carbapenems resistant or susceptible strains. Material and Method: This study included 390 strains of GNB isolated from Chilean hospitals: Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant (CAR R) and susceptible (CAR S) to carbapenem antibiotics, and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli producers and non-producers of ESBL. Susceptibility levels to cupric sulphate were determined by agar dilution method and statistical analysis were used to determine the significance of the differences in the copper tolerance levels between the strains groups. Results: Statistically superior copper tolerance levels were found in the CAR R and ESBL producing strains of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, in relation with the CAR S and ESBL not-producing strains. Conclusion: A relation between a diminished susceptibility to ionic copper and to recent generation antimicrobial agents was observed in K. pneumoniae y A. baumannii strains.


Introducción: Los patógenos intrahospitalarios multi-resistentes constituyen un grave problema mundial de salud pública, especialmente los bacilos gramnegativos (BGN). El uso de cobre como antimicrobiano de superficie en hospitales se postula como una alternativa para el control de microorganismos en estos ambientes. Sin embargo, la multi-resistencia a antimicrobianos en BGN hospitalarios puede asociarse con la tolerancia a cobre, ya que existe evidencia que genes que codifican tolerancia a este metal pueden encontrarse en elementos genéticos que confieren resistencia a antimicrobianos. Por esta razón, cepas multi-resistentes a antimicrobianos podrían sobrevivir en presencia de cobre, seleccionando bacterias resistentes a ambos agentes antibacterianos. Objetivo: Investigar la actividad de cobre sobre BGN hospitalarios productores y no productores de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE), y resistentes o susceptibles a antimicrobianos carbapenémicos. Material y Métodos: Se estudió 390 cepas de BGN aisladas en hospitales chilenos: Acinetobacter baumannii y Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes (CAR R) y susceptibles (CAR S) a carbapenémicos y Klebsiella pneumoniae y Escherichia coli productoras y no productoras de BLEE. Se investigó los niveles de susceptibilidad a sulfato cúprico, mediante dilución seriada en agar y se evaluó la significancia estadística de la diferencia de estos niveles entre los distintos grupos de cepas. Resultados: Se encontraron niveles de tolerancia a cobre superiores en cepas de A. baumannii y K. pneumoniae, CAR R y productoras de BLEE respectivamente, con respecto a sus pares CAR S y no productoras de BLEE. Conclusión: Observamos una relación entre la disminución de la susceptibilidad a cobre iónico y a antimicrobianos de última generación en K. pneumoniae y A. baumannii.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Copper Sulfate/pharmacology , Copper/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacteria/enzymology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
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